Document Type : Original Article

Author

Toxicology Unit, Mansoura University, Egypt

10.18869/IJABBR.2015.397

Abstract

Drinking water has received considerable attention recently. However, misuse and mismanagement have resulted in a rapid and widespread decline in source-water quality and supply. Water quality guidelines can be used to identify constituents of concern in water, to determine the levels to which the constituents of water must be treated for drinking purposes. Membrane technology for the water cycle is playing an important role in the provision of safe water supply and treatment. The aim of this paper is to conduct chemical and microbiological analysis of water samples. The need for standards and guidelines in water quality stems from the need to protect human health. The results revealed that there were several areas polluted chemically by some heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe) and microbiologically by (Entamoeba Histolytica, Amoeba, Egg of Nematodes and Total count of Bacteria). We conclude and recommended that water treatment could see better membranes with both higher permeability and tighter cutoff. Removal of some chemical constituents must be done and sewage system projects are implemented in all towns and villages.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Postel, S.L., 2000. Entering an era of water scarcity: The challenges ahead. Ecol. Appl., 10, 941– 948.
Shiklomanov, I.A., 2000. Appraisal and assessment of world water resources. Water. Int., 25, 11–32.
Asano, T., Burton, F.L., Leverenz, H.L., Tsuchinhashi, R., Tchobanoglous, G., 2007. Water reuse: Issues Technologies and applications. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Qadir, M., Sharma, B.R., Bruggeman, A., Choukr-Allah, R., Karajeh, F., 2007. Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agr. Water. Manag.
87, 2–22.
Jeong, B-H., Hoek, E.M.V., 2007. Interfacial polymerization of thin film nano-composites: a new concept for reverse osmosis membranes. J. Membr. Sci., 294, 1–7.
Ghazy, S.E., Ragab, A.H., 2007. Removal of lead ions from aqueous solution by sorptive-flotation using limestone and oleic acid. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 26(4), 83-92.
Ghazy, S.E., Mahmoud, I.A., Ragab, A.H., 2006. Removal of copper (ii) from aqueous solutions by flotation using polyaluminum chloride silicate (pax-xl60 s)as coagulant and carbonate ion as activator. Environ. Technol., 27,53-61.
APHA, 1992. Standard health methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Am. Pub. Health. Assoc., 18th Ed., Washington.
Egyptian Ministry of Health, 2007. Standards and specifications of water quality for drinking and domestic uses. Internal Report. 1- 8.
WHO, 2011. Guideline for drinking water quality', 4th edition, World. Health. Org., Geneva.
Feachem, R., McGarry, M., Mara, D., 1997. Water, wastes and Health in hot climates. John Wilreu and Sons, 3-95.
Barraud, N., 2009. No-mediated dispersal in single and multi-species bio-films. Microb. Biotechnol., 2, 370–378.
Morehouse, J.A., 2006. The effect of uni-axial orientation on macro-porous membrane structure. J. Porous. Mater. 13, 63–75.
Bixio, D., Thoeye, C., Wintgens, T., Ravazzini, A., Miska, V., Muston, M., Chikurel, H., Aharoni, A., Joksimovic, D., Melin, T., 2008. Waterreclamation and reuse: Implementation and management issues. Desalination, 218,
13–23.
Jensen, P.K., Matsuno, Y.A., Van der Hoek, W., Cairncross, S., 2001. Limitations of irrigation water quality guidelines from a multiple use perspective. Irrig. Drain., 15, 117–128.
Macedonio, F., Katzir, L., Geisma, N., Simone, S., Drioli, E., Gilron, J., 2011. Wind-Aided Intensive evaporation (WAIV) and membrane crystallizer (MCr) integrated brackish water desalination process: advantages and
drawbacks. Desalination, Online 5 Jan.