Document Type : Original Article
Author
Assistant Professor, Science Research Branch- Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Objective: Citrus (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important horticultural plant in Iran and weed management throuth ecological methods such as cover crop is a proper option in orchard management practices. Methods: The experiment was designed as a split plot on the base of complete randomized block design with four replications in Mazandaran Province, Sari, Voushka county from 2010 to 2012. The main plots were methods of cover crop management (desiccated with glyphosate at 0.85 kg ai ha-1, mowed and incorporated with soil with rotivator that were done at the flowering stage), and the subplots were cover crop species [sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), winter barely (Hordeum vulgare), triticale (×Triticosecale), sainfoin + barely and sainfoin + triticale] and one control treatment which was without cover crop. Results: An important reduction of seedling emergence and total weed dry weight were observed in the plots with cover crop dessicated compared with the plots mowed or incorporated with soil. The optimum cover crop species for weed control was sainfoin + barely mixes because it had the highest biomass and lowered the amount of light reaching the soil surface and reduced soil temperature fluctuations, resulting in a reduction in weed seedling emergence. In addition weed suppression by it has been attributed in part to allelopathy. In both years there were no differences among treatments in tree yield but to maximize and sustain the output of an orchard, weeds in the tree row have to be controlled efficiently.
Keywords
Akemo M.C., Regnier, E.E., Bennett, M.A. (2000). Weed suppression in spring-sown rye (Secale cereale)ñpea (Pisum sativum) cover crop mixes. Weed Technol, 14: 545ñ549.
Barberi, P., Mazzoncini, M. (2001). Changes in weed community composition as influenced by cover crop and management system in continuous corn. Weed Sci, 49: 491ñ499.
Bastiaans, L., Paolini, R., Baumann, D.T.( 2008). Focus on ecological weed management: What is hindering adoption? Weed Res, 48: 481-491.
Bender, J. 1994. Future Harvest ñ Pesticide-free Farming. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 159 pp.
Blum, U., King, L.D, Gerig, T.M., Lehman, M.E., Worsham, A.D. (1997). Effects of clover and small grain cover crops and tillage techniques on seedling emergence of some dicotyledonous weed species. Am. J. Altern. Agric, 4:146ñ
161
Bone, N.J., Thomson, L.J., Ridland, P.M., Cole, P., Hoffmann, A.A. (2009). Cover crops in Victorian apple orchards: Effects on production, natural enemies and pests across a season. Crop Pro, 28: 675ñ683.
Bordelon, B. P. and Weller, C. (1997). Preplant cover crops affect weed and vine growth in first-year vineyards. Hort Sci, 32: 1040-1043.
Bowman, G., Shirley, C., Cramer, C. (1998). Managing Cover Crops Profitably. 2 nd Ed. Sustainable Agriculture Publications, Burlington, VT. 212 pp.
Creamer, N.G., Bennett, M.A., Stinner, B.R., Cardina, J., Regnier, E.E. (1996). Mechanisms of weed suppression in cover cropñbased production systems. Hort Sci, 31: 410ñ 413.
Creamer, N.G., Bennett, M.A. (1997). Evaluation of cover crop mixes for use in vegetable production systems. Hort Sci, 32: 866-870.
Ebrahimi, Y. (2002). Citrus industry in Iran . Proceedings of the Mediterranean research network on certification of citrus (MNCC). In : D 'Onghia, A.M., Djelouah, K., Roistacher C.N.( Eds), 1998-2001.Bari : CIHEAM, . pp. 31 -35
F.A.O. (2008). http://WWW.Sci.org.ir
Fisher, N.M. Davies, D.H.K. (1991). Effectiveness of sown covers for the management of weeds in set-aside fallows: the bush trials. Proc. of the Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. Weeds 1: 387-394.
Fischer, M. (2002). Apfelanbau: integriert und biologisch. Ulmer, Stutt -gart, S 15.
Gomez, K., A. Gomez, A.A., 1984. Test for homogeneity of variance. In: Gomez, K.A., Gomez, A.A. (Eds), Statistical procedures for agricultural research. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 467ñ471.
Granatstein, D. (2007). Progress northwest. report: organic cropping research for the Pullman University, State Washington. 545-549.
Granatstein, D. and Mullinix, K. (2008). Mulching options for northwest organic and conventional orchards. Hort Sci, 43: 45-50.
Guertin, P. (2013). USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks.
Factsheet for: Cyperus esculentus L. U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service. 35pp.
Ilnicki, R. D., Enache, A.J. (1992). Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, 40: 249ñ264.
Johnson, G.A., DeFelice, M.S., Helsel, Z.R. (1993). Cover crop management and weed control in corn. Weed Technol, 7: 425-430.
Kigel, J. (1994). Development and ecophysiology of Amaranths. In: Duke, S.O. (Ed.), Amaranth: Biology, Chemistry and Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 65-100.
Kremer, R.J. (2002). Bioherbicides ñ Potential successful strategies for weed control. In: Microbial Biopesticides Koul, O.and Dhaliwal, G. (Eds.). Taylor &
Francis, London. pp. 307-323.
Kremer, R.J., Ben-Hammouda, M. (2009). Allelopathic plants. 19. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Allelopathy Journal. 24, 225-242.
Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans, L., Kropff, M.J. (2008). Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Res, 48: 492-502.
Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans L., Kropff, M.J. (2009). Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil, 318: 169ñ184.
Linares, J., Scholberg, J., Boote, K. Chase C. A., Ferguson J. J., McSorley, R. (2008).Use of the cover crop weed index to evaluate weed suppression by cover crops in organic citrus orchards. Hor Sci, 43: 27-34.
Mortensen, D.A., Bastiaans, L., Sattin, M. (2000). The role of ecology in the development of weed management systems: An outlook. Weed Res, 40: 49-62.
Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K., Still, J. (2010). Evaluation of legume cover crops and weed control programs in conservation-tillage, enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol, 24: 269-274.
Ohno, T., Doolan, K., Zibilske, L.M., Liebman, M., Gallandt, E.R., Berube, C. (2000). Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 78: 187ñ192.
Price, A.J., Reeves, D.W., Patterson, M.G., Gamble, B.E., Balkcom, K.S., Arriaga, F.J., Monks, C.D. (2007).Weed control in peanut grown in high-residue conservation tillage system. Peanut Sci, 34: 59-64.
Ranells, N.N. Wagger, M.G. (1996). Nitrogen release from grass and legume cover crop monocultures and bicultures. Agron. J, 88:777-782.
Reberg-Horton, S.C., Grossman, J.M., Kornecki, T.S., Meijer, A.D., Price, A.J., Place, G.T., Webster, T.M. (2012).
Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA. Renew. Agric. Food Syst, 27: 41-48.
Barberi, P., Mazzoncini, M. (2001). Changes in weed community composition as influenced by cover crop and management system in continuous corn. Weed Sci, 49: 491ñ499.
Bastiaans, L., Paolini, R., Baumann, D.T.( 2008). Focus on ecological weed management: What is hindering adoption? Weed Res, 48: 481-491.
Bender, J. 1994. Future Harvest ñ Pesticide-free Farming. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE. 159 pp.
Blum, U., King, L.D, Gerig, T.M., Lehman, M.E., Worsham, A.D. (1997). Effects of clover and small grain cover crops and tillage techniques on seedling emergence of some dicotyledonous weed species. Am. J. Altern. Agric, 4:146ñ
161
Bone, N.J., Thomson, L.J., Ridland, P.M., Cole, P., Hoffmann, A.A. (2009). Cover crops in Victorian apple orchards: Effects on production, natural enemies and pests across a season. Crop Pro, 28: 675ñ683.
Bordelon, B. P. and Weller, C. (1997). Preplant cover crops affect weed and vine growth in first-year vineyards. Hort Sci, 32: 1040-1043.
Bowman, G., Shirley, C., Cramer, C. (1998). Managing Cover Crops Profitably. 2 nd Ed. Sustainable Agriculture Publications, Burlington, VT. 212 pp.
Creamer, N.G., Bennett, M.A., Stinner, B.R., Cardina, J., Regnier, E.E. (1996). Mechanisms of weed suppression in cover cropñbased production systems. Hort Sci, 31: 410ñ 413.
Creamer, N.G., Bennett, M.A. (1997). Evaluation of cover crop mixes for use in vegetable production systems. Hort Sci, 32: 866-870.
Ebrahimi, Y. (2002). Citrus industry in Iran . Proceedings of the Mediterranean research network on certification of citrus (MNCC). In : D 'Onghia, A.M., Djelouah, K., Roistacher C.N.( Eds), 1998-2001.Bari : CIHEAM, . pp. 31 -35
F.A.O. (2008). http://WWW.Sci.org.ir
Fisher, N.M. Davies, D.H.K. (1991). Effectiveness of sown covers for the management of weeds in set-aside fallows: the bush trials. Proc. of the Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. Weeds 1: 387-394.
Fischer, M. (2002). Apfelanbau: integriert und biologisch. Ulmer, Stutt -gart, S 15.
Gomez, K., A. Gomez, A.A., 1984. Test for homogeneity of variance. In: Gomez, K.A., Gomez, A.A. (Eds), Statistical procedures for agricultural research. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 467ñ471.
Granatstein, D. (2007). Progress northwest. report: organic cropping research for the Pullman University, State Washington. 545-549.
Granatstein, D. and Mullinix, K. (2008). Mulching options for northwest organic and conventional orchards. Hort Sci, 43: 45-50.
Guertin, P. (2013). USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks.
Factsheet for: Cyperus esculentus L. U.S. Geological Survey National Park Service. 35pp.
Ilnicki, R. D., Enache, A.J. (1992). Subterranean clover living mulch: an alternative method of weed control. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, 40: 249ñ264.
Johnson, G.A., DeFelice, M.S., Helsel, Z.R. (1993). Cover crop management and weed control in corn. Weed Technol, 7: 425-430.
Kigel, J. (1994). Development and ecophysiology of Amaranths. In: Duke, S.O. (Ed.), Amaranth: Biology, Chemistry and Technology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, pp. 65-100.
Kremer, R.J. (2002). Bioherbicides ñ Potential successful strategies for weed control. In: Microbial Biopesticides Koul, O.and Dhaliwal, G. (Eds.). Taylor &
Francis, London. pp. 307-323.
Kremer, R.J., Ben-Hammouda, M. (2009). Allelopathic plants. 19. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L). Allelopathy Journal. 24, 225-242.
Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans, L., Kropff, M.J. (2008). Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring. Weed Res, 48: 492-502.
Kruidhof, H.M., Bastiaans L., Kropff, M.J. (2009). Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil, 318: 169ñ184.
Linares, J., Scholberg, J., Boote, K. Chase C. A., Ferguson J. J., McSorley, R. (2008).Use of the cover crop weed index to evaluate weed suppression by cover crops in organic citrus orchards. Hor Sci, 43: 27-34.
Mortensen, D.A., Bastiaans, L., Sattin, M. (2000). The role of ecology in the development of weed management systems: An outlook. Weed Res, 40: 49-62.
Norsworthy, J.K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S.K., Still, J. (2010). Evaluation of legume cover crops and weed control programs in conservation-tillage, enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol, 24: 269-274.
Ohno, T., Doolan, K., Zibilske, L.M., Liebman, M., Gallandt, E.R., Berube, C. (2000). Phytotoxic effects of red clover amended soils on wild mustard seedling growth. Agric Ecosyst Environ, 78: 187ñ192.
Price, A.J., Reeves, D.W., Patterson, M.G., Gamble, B.E., Balkcom, K.S., Arriaga, F.J., Monks, C.D. (2007).Weed control in peanut grown in high-residue conservation tillage system. Peanut Sci, 34: 59-64.
Ranells, N.N. Wagger, M.G. (1996). Nitrogen release from grass and legume cover crop monocultures and bicultures. Agron. J, 88:777-782.
Reberg-Horton, S.C., Grossman, J.M., Kornecki, T.S., Meijer, A.D., Price, A.J., Place, G.T., Webster, T.M. (2012).
Utilizing cover crop mulches to reduce tillage in organic systems in the southeastern USA. Renew. Agric. Food Syst, 27: 41-48.
Roberts, R.K., Larson, J.A., Tyler, D.D., Duck, B.N., Dillivan, K.D. (1998). Economic analysis of the effects of winter cover crops on no-tillage corn yield response to applied nitrogen. J of Soil and Water Conser, 53: 280-284.
Rui-hua, L. (2009). Allelopathy of Root Exudates of Onobrychis viciaefolia on 7 Kinds of Weed. J. Anhui.Agri Sci. 15. (abstract).
Sanchez, E.E., Giayetto, A., Cichon, L., Fernandez, D., Aruani, M.C., Curetti, M. (2007). Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance
in an organic apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchard in northern Patagonia. Pl Soil, 292: 193ñ203.
Saavedra, M.M., Pastor, M. (2002). Sistemas de cultivo en olivar. Manejo de malas hierbas y herbicidas. Ed AgrÌcola
EspaÒola, SA Madrid, 439 p.
Schonbeck, M., Browne, J., Deziel, G., DeGregorio, R. (1991). Comparison of weed biomass and flora in four cover crops and a subsequent lettuce crop on three New England organic farms. Biol. Agric. Hortic, 8: 123ñ143.
Shreshta, A., Knezevic, R.C., Roy, S.Z., Ball-Coelho, B.R., Sawnton, C.J. (2002). Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil. Weed Res, 42: 76-87.
Teasdale, J.R. (1998). Cover crops, smother plants, and
weed management. In: Hatfield, J. L., Buhler, D.D., Stewart B.A. (Eds), Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, pp. 247ñ270.
Teasdale, J.R. Abdul-Baki, A.A. (1998). Comparison of mixtures vs. monocultures of cover crops for freshmarket tomato production with and without herbicide. Hort Sci, 33:1163-1166.
Teasdale, J. R., Mohler, C.L. (1993). Light transmittance, soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agron. J, 85: 673ñ680.
Teasdale, J.R., Mohler, C.L. (2000). The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci, 48: 385-392.
Timper, P., Davis, R.F., Webster, T.M., Brenneman, T.B., Meyer, S.L.F., Zasada, I.A., Cai, G., Rice, C.P. (2011). Response of root-knot nematodes and Palmer amaranth to tillage and rye green manure. Agron. J, 103: 813-821.
Urbano, B., Gonzalez-Andres, F., Ballesteros, A. (2006).
barely. Allelo J, 17: 53-64.
Vaughan, J.D., Evanylo , G.K. (1998). Corn response to cover crop species, spring desiccation time and residue management. Agron. J, 90: 536-544.
Wallace, R.W., Bellinder, R.R. (1992). Alternative tillage and herbicide options for successful weed control in vegetables. Hort Sci, 27: 745-749.
Webster, T.M., Scully, B.T., Grey, T. L., Culpepper, A.S. (2013). Winter cover crops influence Amaranthus palmeri establishment. crop pro, 52: 130-135.
Weston, L.A. (2005). History and current trends in the use of allelopathy for weed management. Hort Techno, 15: 529-534.
Zasada, I.A., Linker, H.M., Coble, H.D. (1997). Initial weed densities affect no-tillage weed management with a rye (Secale cereale) cover crop. Weed Technol, 11: 473-477.
Rui-hua, L. (2009). Allelopathy of Root Exudates of Onobrychis viciaefolia on 7 Kinds of Weed. J. Anhui.Agri Sci. 15. (abstract).
Sanchez, E.E., Giayetto, A., Cichon, L., Fernandez, D., Aruani, M.C., Curetti, M. (2007). Cover crops influence soil properties and tree performance
in an organic apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchard in northern Patagonia. Pl Soil, 292: 193ñ203.
Saavedra, M.M., Pastor, M. (2002). Sistemas de cultivo en olivar. Manejo de malas hierbas y herbicidas. Ed AgrÌcola
EspaÒola, SA Madrid, 439 p.
Schonbeck, M., Browne, J., Deziel, G., DeGregorio, R. (1991). Comparison of weed biomass and flora in four cover crops and a subsequent lettuce crop on three New England organic farms. Biol. Agric. Hortic, 8: 123ñ143.
Shreshta, A., Knezevic, R.C., Roy, S.Z., Ball-Coelho, B.R., Sawnton, C.J. (2002). Effect of tillage, cover crop and crop rotation on the composition of weed flora in a sandy soil. Weed Res, 42: 76-87.
Teasdale, J.R. (1998). Cover crops, smother plants, and
weed management. In: Hatfield, J. L., Buhler, D.D., Stewart B.A. (Eds), Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press, pp. 247ñ270.
Teasdale, J.R. Abdul-Baki, A.A. (1998). Comparison of mixtures vs. monocultures of cover crops for freshmarket tomato production with and without herbicide. Hort Sci, 33:1163-1166.
Teasdale, J. R., Mohler, C.L. (1993). Light transmittance, soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agron. J, 85: 673ñ680.
Teasdale, J.R., Mohler, C.L. (2000). The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci, 48: 385-392.
Timper, P., Davis, R.F., Webster, T.M., Brenneman, T.B., Meyer, S.L.F., Zasada, I.A., Cai, G., Rice, C.P. (2011). Response of root-knot nematodes and Palmer amaranth to tillage and rye green manure. Agron. J, 103: 813-821.
Urbano, B., Gonzalez-Andres, F., Ballesteros, A. (2006).
barely. Allelo J, 17: 53-64.
Vaughan, J.D., Evanylo , G.K. (1998). Corn response to cover crop species, spring desiccation time and residue management. Agron. J, 90: 536-544.
Wallace, R.W., Bellinder, R.R. (1992). Alternative tillage and herbicide options for successful weed control in vegetables. Hort Sci, 27: 745-749.
Webster, T.M., Scully, B.T., Grey, T. L., Culpepper, A.S. (2013). Winter cover crops influence Amaranthus palmeri establishment. crop pro, 52: 130-135.
Weston, L.A. (2005). History and current trends in the use of allelopathy for weed management. Hort Techno, 15: 529-534.
Zasada, I.A., Linker, H.M., Coble, H.D. (1997). Initial weed densities affect no-tillage weed management with a rye (Secale cereale) cover crop. Weed Technol, 11: 473-477.
)