eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
229
237
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.1
23313
Changes in growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in response to water stress, chemical and biological fertilizers and salicylic acid
Farhood Yeganehpoor
1
Saeid Zehtab Salmasi
2
Jalil Shafagh Kolvanagh
3
Kazem Ghassemi Golezani
4
Soheila Dastborhan
5
Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Plant Eco-physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Salicylic acid (SA) is a phyto-hormone that regulates physiological and biological processes in plants and can be used to improve plant growth under different environmental conditions, including water stress. Thus, a field experiment as split plot factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in 2014 to investigate the effects of fertilizer and salicylic acid on growth, chlorophyll content and grain yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) plants under drought stress. Treatments were three levels of water supply (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A pan) and four levels of fertilizer application (control, 100 kg ha-1 Urea, Nitrokara (biofertilizer) and 50% Urea + Nitrokara) and foliar spray of salicylic acid (0 and 1 mM). Results indicated that water deficit had a significant reduction effect on leaf area, chlorophyll content, fresh weight of root and leaf and grain yield. Salicylic acid and 50% Urea + Nitrokara resulted in a significant increase of all traits under stress and well watering conditions. Although highest amount of studied traits was observed in plants treated with SA or application of 50% Urea and Nitrokara under well watering, but the changes rate was higher under stress conditions. Therefore, salicylic acid and combination of urea and Nitrokara can be used to promote growth of coriander under different water availabilities, which ultimately can enhance field performance of this plant.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23313_696552f0307b4b0b1e921fa0a5b95944.pdf
Fertilizer
Chlorophyll
Coriander
Salicylic acid
Water stress
Yield
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
238
245
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.2
23314
Efficacy of Rhinoceros Beetle (Xylotrupes gideon) nano chitosan and calcium mouthwash in reducing quantity oral cavity bacteria among elementary school age children
Ade Komariah
1
Roberto A Tatara
2
Del A Bustami
3
Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Trisakti, Jakarta 11440, Indonesia
The level of dental and oral hygiene on elementary school age children is very low, so it can be increasing the incidence of dental and oral diseases which caused by various microorganisms. Moutwash can keep dental and oral hygiene, but many commercial mouthwash is still used alcohol as their ingredients, which can be giving side effects, therefore, we still needed used alternative mouthwash, which made from nano chitosan and nano calcium, derived from nature Xylotrupes gideon. This is a experimental study with pre and post test control group design using total plate count method. Total is 27 subjects, aged 9 years. Processing data is done by statistical test Chi Square, and one way ANOVA with software of SPSS 23. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of nano chitosan and nano calcium-based mouthwash formulations on lowering quantity of oral bacteria colonies among elementary schools children age. Measurement results the quantity of bacteria suggested that decreased of bacteria colonies before and after gargle, on negative control 30%-73%, positive control 33%-100%, the 250ppm concentration is 95% -100%, 500 ppm and 750 ppm concentration is 100%. Nanoparticles of chitosan and calcium-based mouthwash formulation from X. gideon has the ability to reduce oral bacterial colonies quantity among elementary school age children. More high concentrations of mouthwash formulations which are used more low quantity of oral bacteria colonies.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23314_9f5b239ceba7022d42164b1faa1f62fe.pdf
Mouthwash
Nano chitosan
Nano calcium
Bacterial quantity
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
246
252
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.3
23315
Isolation and characterization of yeast species from ensete ventricosum product; Kocho and Bulla collected from Angacha district
Birhanu Gizaw
1
Zerihun Tsegay
2
Belay Tilahun
3
Microbial Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute P.O. box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Microbial Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute P.O. box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Microbial Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute P.O. box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Kocho and Bula are fermented product of Enset (Ensete ventricosum). It is the staple food for 20 million people in Ethiopia. The aim of study was to isolate, identify and characterize yeast species from fermented kocho and bulla by using Biolog Micro station. 300 Kocho samples were collected from Angacha District. 0.1ml of serially diluted samples were Streaked on yeast pepton dextrose agar and incubated at 280C. Pure yeast colony inoculum were prepared at 9ml distilled water at 49% +2 turbidometer and transferred in to YT micro plate. Incubated for 24-72 hours at 28oC and micro plate reading were carried out using MicroLog 3 Software version. 4.20.05. Seven yeast species were identified from study samples. Biolog Micro station 100% probability and >0.5 Similarity read identify Cryptococcus albidus Var aerus, Guilliermondella selenospora, Rhodotorula acheniorum and Trichosporon beigelii. 99% Cryptococcus terreus A, 98% Candida zylandase, 86% Kluyveramyces delphensis respectively. Characterization of yeast involved in kocho fermentation is very important for formulation of starter culture, improving, standardizing and modernizing quality of traditional Enset fermentation and preparation.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23315_80669f54be839a3e83aa866b55e09412.pdf
Bulla
Enseteventricosum
Kocho
Fermentation
Yeast
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
253
256
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.4
23316
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of cultivated oregano (Origanumvulgare) against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli
Morad Soleimani Sarghashk
1
Musa Khammari
2
Davood Khammari
3
Saphora Bazi
4
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Zabol, Iran
The present study was carried out to determine the potential antibacterial effect of essential oil of Origanumvulgare against antibiotic resistant E.coli. In this study, the essential oil of Origanumvulgare obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to determine their chemical composition. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were investigated to characterize the antimicrobial activities of this essential oil. The results in tables 1 showed that essential oil of Origanumvulgare had inhibitory effect against most isolated plates. The least MIC value of essential oil of Origanumvulgare was 0.62 mg/ml and the highest MBC value of essential oil of Origanumvulgare were 5 mg/ml and 10mg/ml. The present studies confirm the use of this essential oil as antibacterial agent. Further research is required to evaluate the practical values of therapeutic applications.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23316_80a1f6a1a6ec3c659a828772500161b7.pdf
essential oil
Origanumvulgare
E. coli
Antibacterial activity
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
257
260
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.5
23317
Effect of walnut tree root (Juglandaceae) on Escherichia coli resistant to antibiotics
Morad Soleimani Sarghashk
1
Musa Khammari
2
Davood Khammari
3
Saphora Bazi
4
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Collage of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Zabol, Iran
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of walnut tree root (Juglandaceae) on Escherichia coli is resistant to various antibiotics. Walnut tree root extract was obtained using a rotary device. 20 cases of E. coli was obtained from urinary tract infections Zabul hospital and MIC and MBC were determined using dilution in the wells. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of 20 and 10 mg L had the highest inhibitory effect at a concentration of 40 milligrams per milliliter, most have lethal effects. Our results suggest the effect of the extract against the tested bacteria in the laboratory that can represent their effects on living systems.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23317_ccdd5655ca2149d66d0e1d9caa71b19d.pdf
Antimicrobial activity
Extract
root
Orchids
E. coli
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
261
275
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.6
23318
Effects of inter and intra row spacing on growth, yield and yield components of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)
Basazinew Degu
1
Bizuayehu Tesfaye
tbizuayehu@gmail.com
2
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 198, Shashemene, Ethiopia
Hawassa University College of Agriculture, Department of Plant and Horticultural Science, Hawassa, Ethiopia
A field experiment was conducted to assess the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing on growth, yield and yield component of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in 2014/15 cropping season at Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center experimental site (at Wondo Genet station). Two inter-row spacing (60 and 90 cm) and three intra-row spacing (30, 60 and 90 cm) were evaluated using two varieties, WG-Hibiscus-Jamaica and WG-Hibiscus-Sudan on a plot size of 3.6 m length x 4.2 m width. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with 12 treatments in three replications. SAS (version 9) software was used to compute the analysis of variance. The results revealed that varieties differed markedly in most of the studied parameters. Of the two varieties tested, variety WG-Hibiscus-Jamaican showed greater plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, leaf area index, days to 50 % flowering, days to 95 % maturity, number of capsules/plant, fresh calyx yield/plant, dry calyx yield/plant, seed yield/plant, total number of capsules/ha, total fresh calyx yield/ha, total dry calyx yield/ha and total seed yield/ha. In contrast, variety WG-Hibiscus-Sudan matures earlier and had heavier 1000 seed weight than variety WG-Hibiscus-Jamaican. The present study demonstrated that, the highest total fresh and dry calyx yield/ha were recorded when WG-Hibiscus-Jamaica and WG-Hibiscus-Sudan were planted at inter-row spacing of 60 cm and intra-row spacing of 30 cm.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23318_dcacdec253839e487c11b4d3cd3abfae.pdf
Hibiscus sabdariffa L
Inter-row spacing
Intra-row spacing
Fresh calyx yield
Dry calyx yield
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
276
286
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.7
23319
Characterization of proteolytic enzyme secreted by Streptomyces cinereoruber ssp. cinereoruber isolated from human pleural fluid
Habiba Zerizer
habibapost@gmail.com
1
Fateh Merouane
ftitouha@hotmail.com
2
Chahrazad Bougherara
chahrazedbougherara@hotmail.fr
3
Mouhamed Gagaoua
gmber2001@yahoo.fr
4
Kahina Hafid
hafidkahina@hotmail.com
5
Faiza Boughachiche
faizasasi@yahoo.fr
6
Didier Raoult
didier.raoult@gmail.com
7
Abderrahmane Boulahrouf
boulahroufabderrahmane@yahoo.fr
8
Laboratoire de Génie Microbiologique et Applications, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Laboratoire de Génie Microbiologique et Applications, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Laboratoire Bioqual, Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Laboratoire Bioqual, Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Laboratoire Bioqual, Institut de la Nutrition, de l’Alimentation et des Technologies Agro-Alimentaires, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Laboratoire de Génie Microbiologique et Applications, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
Laboratoire de Génie Microbiologique et Applications, Université des frères Mentouri, Constantine, Algérie
Actinomycetes are an uncommon agent of human infections and its pathogenic factors are not known. The present study reports a rare case isolation of an actinomycete from a woman pleural fluid; the strain was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This strain was tested to produce an extracellular protease that hydrolysis gelatin, casein and hemoglobin on agar mediums. The purification of the enzyme was carried by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. The activity of protease was studied at different pH values and temperatures and in the presence of metallic ions and inhibitors. The molecular weight of the enzyme was determined by 12% Tricine SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The strain was identified as Streptomyces cinereoruber ssp. cinereoruber. Extracellular proteolytic enzyme was purified at 19.67 fold and a 3.0% recovery. The enzyme was characterized as having optimal activities at pH 11.0 and 50°C, it keeps more than 50% of activity at pH between 4.0 to 12.0 and it is thermostable at 30 and 40°C. Enzymatic activity is enhanced in the presence of metal ions and inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline. The molecular weight was 53 kDa. This study reports the first case isolation of Streptomyces cinereoruber ssp. cinereoruber from pleural fluid, the extracellular zinc-metalloprotease was proposed as candidate virulence factor.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23319_4ede387f89935b6547a5986f3fdebb7a.pdf
Pleural fluid
Streptomyces cinereoruber ssp. cinereoruber
Zinc-metalloprotease
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
287
295
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.8
23320
Vegetative propagation of Rambutan (Nepheliumlappaceum) by marcotting: effect of indole-3-butyric acid concentration
S.D. Akoto
1
M.A. Appiah
2
D.D. Appiah
3
Department of Forest Science, School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, UENR P.O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, Georg–August–University, Busgenweg 5, Gottingen, German
Department of Social Forestry, Faculty of Forest Resources Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Zambia
Rambutan tree (Nepheliumlappaceum L.) is an important but a lesser known fruit tree in Ghana and has several nutritional and medicinal uses. Efforts to establish plantation of Rambutan in Ghana to ensure its sustainable use is challenged with unavailable planting materials because the seeds are recalcitrant in nature, loses viability easily when exposed to dryness. Seeds are therefore sown directly after extraction from fruit, even with this, most of the seeds do not germinate. A vegetative propagation technique by marcotting was devised to produce planting materials within 3 months. Four plant species of the same physiological age and spaced 4m apart were tested in complete random design fashion. Marcots were treated with four Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentrations (0 Mg/L, 2000 Mg/L, 4000 Mg/L and 6000 Mg/L). Data collected were analysed on number of calluses formed in marcots, survival, shoot and root formation and root length. Comparable but highest survival of marcots was recorded in the 2000 Mg/L of IBA (14.67 +0.33) representing 97.78%. Marcots with 2000 Mg/L IBA concentration recorded highest mean number of roots (8.67 +0.33) formed. Root length ranged from 33.60 +0.52 in the 6000 Mg/L to 19.77 +1.26 in the control (0 Mg/L). Marcots with no IBA recorded 9.00 +0.58 as mean number of callused marcots. It is concluded that vegetative propagation technique by marcotting can be a suitable technique for Rambutan planting materials.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23320_02f1d9909ae67dbf0c72433b243314ab.pdf
Indole-3-butyric acid
Vegetative propagation
Plantations
Marcotting
tissue culture
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
296
304
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.9
23327
Evaluation growth analysis and grain yield of sunflower cultivars under sowing date in dry condition
Mohsen Javaheri
mohsenjavaheri5757@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy, Qorveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qorveh, Iran
Sunflower is one of the most important edible oil that growth of annual crops, it is grown over a widely area and is considered a crop adapted to an every environmental conditions, in order to study growth analysis of sunflower under sowing date and cultivars in dry condition a farm experiment was conducted a split plot arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications in the Dry Research Station. Main plots consist of four level sowing dates with ten-day intervals from (March 30 - April 30) and subplots consist of three cultivars: Record, Zarya and Azargol. In different sowing dates observed that sunflower plants had slow growth in the primary stage afterwards had a quick growth, so in second sowing date sunflower plants had a quick growth with received 1220 growing degree days. Among different cultivars, Record, cultivar had highest crop growth rates and relative growth rate. Record cultivar with 125 days had highest growth duration and Zarya with 122 days had lowest growth duration so sowing date and cultivar had a significant effect on grain yield, grain yield reduced with delayed in sowing date and Record had a highest grain yield. Results of evaluation total dry matter (TDM) showed that Record cultivar had highest total dry matter also, among different cultivars statistical significant different was observed thus delay in sowing date reduced oil yield and highest oil yield was obtained from Record cultivar.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_23327_a328d3b87d3bdacf302438cfe5556720.pdf
Crop growth rate
Dry condition
Grain yield
Growth analysis
sunflower
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
305
311
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.10
24477
Investigating the impact of body mass index on the outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A single referral center experience
Hassan Teimouri
1
Zia Obeidavi
2
Ali Pouria
3
Zohreh Jafari
4
Mehdi Safari
5
Shahriar Rashidzadeh
6
Sedighe Nadri
7
Associated Professor, Department of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Researcher, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Researcher, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Researcher, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Associated Professor, Department of Anesthesiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the outcomes of isolated CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft) performed in Shahid Madani Hospital of Khorramabad, Iran. Data was retrospectively collected from the medical records retrieved from the hospital records office. All patients who had undergone isolated CABG under cardiopulmonary bypass in the Cardiothoracic Unit from 2007 till 2013 were identified and their demographic and clinical data were collected. Clinical data included BMI, ejection fraction (EF), history of COPD, MI, CVA, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and the main outcomes included pulmonary complications, renal complications, transfusion, duration of ventilation, reoperation, intensive care unit stay, hospital stay and death. Patients were divided into six groups according to the BMI as follows: group 1: (BMI < 18.5), group 2: (18.5 ≤ BMI < 25), group 3: (25 ≤ BMI < 30), group 4: (30 ≤ BMI < 35), group 5: (35 ≤ BMI < 40), group 6: (BMI ≥ 40). Finally, perioperative variables in the six mentioned groups were compared using appropriate statistical methods. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. In this study, 648 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. The average age of the patients in the study was reported to be 61.35 ± 10.72 years. The average BMI was reports as 26.3 ± 4.03. The average cardiopulmonary bypass time was compared between the various BMI groups, which showed that the highest average belonged to group V+ (groups V and VI) and the lowest average belonged to group I, but this difference was not statistically significant (PV > 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean duration of mechanical ventilation, mean extubation time, drainage rate from the chest tube, and the amount of blood transfusion (PV > 0.05). Moreover, in 99.4% of the patients, broad-spectrum antibiotics, in 99.5% of the patients, inotropic drugs, and in 5.4% of the patients, IABP were used. Re-intubation was done in 3.1% of the patients. The average duration of hospitalization was 5.45 ± 1.48. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of hospitalization time (PV>0.05). In this study, 3.55% of the patients died. Smirnov and Kolmogorov tests showed that the distribution of quantitative variables is not normal in all the patients (PV<0.001). Therefore, to study the relationship between these quantitative variables, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used, which showed that none of the relationships were statistically significant. Therefore, considering these results, it can be suggested that if there is enough time before surgery, changes in the lifestyle of the individual be recommended so that he/she can attain a better health status. So, proper training and education can be very effective.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_24477_a9fb1f5afaaca88177676891916e384f.pdf
Body Mass Index
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Postoperative complication
eng
Sami Publishing Company
International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research
2383-2762
2322-4827
2016-09-01
4
3
312
318
10.26655/ijabbr.2016.9.11
24478
Effect of different sowing dates on Azivash (Corchorusolitorius) seed quality
Mohammad Hossein Ghorbani
1
Akram Pasandideh Tashakori
2
Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
Former M.Sc Student of Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
This study was conducted at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources farm, Iran, Golestan province with about 600 mm annual rainfall in order to evaluate the effect of different sowing dates on Azivash (Corchorusolitorius) seed quality, using a randomized complete block design with three replications on 2013. Treatments were four sowing dates such as May 5, Jun 5, Jul 11 and Agu 6. After seed maturity and harvesting, a seedling growth tests were done for each sowing date treatment in four replications. It used 25 number seeds in each replication. Seedling growth test was performed by BP (between paper) method for 7 days at 25C in incubator. The results showed that effect of sowing date treatment was significant on normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, non-geminated seeds percentage and radicle and hypocotyl length. Mean comparison results showed that maximum normal seedling was recorded in Jun 5, Jul 11 and Agu 6 sowing dates. Minimum non-germinated seeds were recorded in Jul 11 sowing date. Also, seeds of Jul 11 sowing date treatment had the highest hypocotyl and radicle length. With regard to these founding and positive correlation between radicle length and normal seedling percentage and hypocotyl and radicle length with abnormal seedling percentage Jul 11 sowing date is the best sowing date for Azivash (Wild okra) cultivation in Gorganregional at Golestan province because of production of highest normal seedling production, lowest non-germinated seeds and longer hypocotyl and radicle length that result to highest seed quality and vigor.
https://www.ijabbr.com/article_24478_ed3d7976fb97f017e51cfa2314fafb77.pdf
germination
Seed quality
Sowing date
Wild okra